Advances in remote sensing and propulsion systems for earth observation nanosatellites

The rapid development of nanosatellite technologies, their low development cost, and their economical launching due to their small size have made them an excellent option for Earth Observation (EO) and remote sensing. Nanosatellites are widely used in generic applications, such as education, vegetation monitoring, natural disasters, oceanography, and specialized applications, such as disaster response, and they serve as an Internet of Things (IoT) communications platform. This paper presents a review of the latest public nanosatellite EO missions, their applications, and their propulsion systems. Furthermore, we discuss specialized applications of the nanosatellites and their use in remote sensing for EO. Likewise, we aim to present the limitations of the nanosatellites in remote sensing, a comprehensive taxonomy according to propulsion systems, and directions for future research.