CTP-A: An enhanced version of collection tree protocol

Due to implementation of routing protocols in limited power supply devices in wireless sensor networks, this paper present a new version of Collection Tree Protocols (CTP). CTP is a light routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that the basic foundation is on following the data toward the sink with minimum overhead. CTP uses ETX as link communication quality metric between nodes. The previous researches show that ETX is not stable during the time in real environment and its fluctuation causes the routing protocols make mistake to choose the best path to the destination. CTP-R uses AETX as link metric that it has been shown is more stable than ETX. CTP-R is a cross-layer integration of tree topology and quality link metric to select the relay node plus a mechanism to make it capable to avoid the dead end routes and finally detect and route around connectivity holes. Detecting and routing around connectivity holes (Rainbow) could enhance performance of CTP to avoid the dead end routes and also loop routes without increasing any overhead to the system. CTP-R is an energy efficient protocol and achieves an improved performance in term of packet delivery ratio, packet travel time and total energy consumption.