Practising digital product passport for circular supply chain: ecosystem orchestration perspective

Digital product passports (DPP) are emerging as an important tool to support industries in realising circular supply chain (CSC) practices. However, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) remain constrained by various challenges in implementing DPP. Therefore, using social practice theory and ecosystem orchestration perspective, the study identifies factors essential for DPP-enabled CSC implementation by SMEs. The study proposes an actionable framework to classify and operationalise these factors. We collected data from managers and analysed it using the Best–Worst Method and Fuzzy-DEMATEL to understand the interdependence, coordination and temporal adaptation of the factors. The findings show that material factors are particularly salient at the emergence stage. As DPP-enabled CSC implementation evolves and co-evolves, meaning factors become significant. The maturity stage is dominated by competence factors. The study demonstrates and emphasises the development of DPP-enabled CSC in global supply chains.