Tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their promising role in treating diabetic retinopathy and other retinal vascular diseases: overview of their routes of administration, pharmacokinetics, formulations, and drug delivery applications

Introduction: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) are emerging as a promising alternative to protein-based anti-vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF) in treating diabetic retinopathy (DR) and other retinal vascular diseases (RVD). TKIs exhibit broader inhibition of tyrosine kinase pathways, superior tissue penetration, and favorable pharmacokinetics and chemical stability, which may reduce the need for injection frequency. Despite those advantages, their ocular administration and clinical efficacy still face many challenges, but they also open many opportunities. Areas covered: This review evaluates current ocular drug delivery platforms for TKIs for intravitreal or suprachoroidal administration. It discusses TKIs’ physicochemical properties and their relevance to their pharmacokinetics and clinical effectiveness. It also examines emerging technologies, such as nanotechnology and innovative polymer systems, that enhance bioavailability and prolong the drug release of TKIs. Expert opinion: The future of DR treatment lies in integrating TKIs with advanced drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, 3D printing, and other interdisciplinary innovations. Combining nanotechnology, biomaterials, regenerative medicine, and AI tools will enable targeted, prolonged, and stable delivery, overcoming current therapy limitations and offering safer, personalized, and more effective treatments. As research progresses, these advancements may revolutionize RVD management and provide hope to millions of patients globally.